![]() Further, the asymptomatic nature of PSV infections and the high coinfection rate cause the symptoms of PSV infection to go unnoticed, which poses a considerable risk to swine industries. Coinfection of PSV with other enteric pathogens is frequently reported in both symptomatic and asymptomatic pigs. The coinfection of viral diarrhea agents complicates disease detection, control, and prevention. Previous studies have recorded lethal PSV infections in pigs aged 3 to 12 weeks with neurological problems, diarrhea, and respiratory ailments. Recent reports have shown that PSV can induce intestinal lesions in experimentally infected piglets. Since first reported in UK, PSV has been identified in different countries worldwide, with prevalence ranging between 7.1% in India and 71.0% in Hungary. PSV is transmitted through the fecal-oral route and associated with various symptoms, ranging from asymptomatic to clinical diseases such as respiratory distress, acute diarrhea, skin lesions, severe neurological disorders, and reproductive failure in domestic swine and wild boar. VP1 protein, the most dominant and variable viral protein, has proven useful in determining genetic relationships among picornaviruses. The capsid proteins of Sapelovirus are composed of four structural proteins located at the virion surface and exhibit high sequence variability. The ORF encodes a single polyprotein that is subsequently cleaved by virus encoding proteases into twelve proteins, including leader protein, four structural proteins (VP1-VP4) and seven nonstructural functional proteins (2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D). The Sapelovirus genome is a positive-strand RNA of approximately 7.5 kb in length, with the typical picornavirus genome organization: a 5′ untranslated region (UTR), a single large open reading frame (ORF), a 3′-UTR, and a poly (A) tail. Currently, this genus comprises porcine Sapelovirus (PSV), simian Sapelovirus, avian Sapelovirus, and unclassified Sapelovirus isolated from bat, marmot, California sea lion, and mouse. Sapelovirus is a new genus within the family Picornaviridae. The virus isolates, monoclonal antibodies and indirect ELISA developed would be useful for further understanding the pathophysiology of PSV, developing new diagnostic assays, and investigating the epidemiology of the PSV. A total of 516 swine serum samples were tested, and PSV positive rate was 79.3%. Using recombinant PSV-VP1 protein as the coating antigen, we developed an indirect ELISA for the first time for the detection of PSV antibodies in serum. Additionally, monoclonal antibodies for the recombinant PSV-VP1 protein were developed to specifically detect PSV infection in cells, and we demonstrated that isolated PSVs could only replicate in cells of porcine origin. ![]() ![]() ![]() Phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolated viruses were classified together with strains from China. Analysis of the entire genome sequence revealed that the genomes of PSV isolates ranged 7569–7572 nucleotides in length. Here, four PSV strains were recovered from diarrheic piglets, and electron microscopy revealed virus particles with a diameter of ~32 nm. Although PSV is widespread, serological assays for field-based epidemiological studies are not yet available. Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) is an important emerging pathogen associated with a wide variety of diseases in swine, including acute diarrhoea, respiratory distress, skin lesions, severe neurological disorders, and reproductive failure.
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